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What Are the Health Risks of a Sewage Backup?

Last updated October 26, 2026

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The short answer

Immediate Health Threats

Sewage contains a mix of human waste, water, and chemicals that harbor harmful microorganisms. Direct contact with contaminated water or surfaces can lead to infections, especially if you have cuts or open sores. Common symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and fever. Children, the elderly, and anyone with a weakened immune system face greater danger.

Airborne and Respiratory Risks

Sewage backup releases gases and aerosolized particles into the air. These can include hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ammonia, which may cause headaches, dizziness, or nausea. Breathing in contaminated mist can irritate your throat and lungs, triggering coughing or shortness of breath. People with asthma or allergies may experience worsened symptoms.

The smell alone is a warning sign that the air quality is poor. Ventilate the area by opening windows and doors, but avoid spending time in the room until the source is addressed. Use a fan to push fresh air in, but do not place yourself downwind of the contaminated air. If you feel lightheaded or have trouble breathing, leave the area and seek medical help.

  • Wear gloves, boots, and a mask that filters particles when entering the area
  • Open windows and use fans to improve airflow
  • Do not eat, drink, or smoke near the affected space
  • Keep children and pets away until cleanup is complete
  • Wash hands thoroughly with soap and clean water after any contact

Long-Term Contamination Concerns

Even after visible sewage is removed, pathogens can linger on porous materials like drywall, carpet, and wood. These materials may need to be discarded because they cannot be safely cleaned. If left untreated, residual bacteria and viruses can continue to pose a health risk for weeks. Mold can also start growing within 24 to 48 hours in damp conditions.

The longer sewage soaks into surfaces, the harder it is to eliminate all contaminants. Professional cleaning involves thorough disinfection and often removal of affected building materials. Avoid trying to salvage heavily soiled items, such as mattresses, upholstered furniture, or food. Your safety comes before saving belongings.

  • Porous items like carpets and drywall often need removal
  • Non-porous surfaces can be disinfected with a bleach solution
  • Discard any food or drink that came into contact with sewage
  • Wash clothing and linens in hot water with disinfectant
  • Consider replacing air filters after cleanup to remove odors and particles

Protecting Yourself During Cleanup

Your first step is to prevent exposure. Turn off the water supply to stop the flow, if you can do so safely, and avoid walking through sewage. Wear protective gear, including rubber gloves, waterproof boots, and safety goggles. A mask that filters particles helps reduce inhalation of airborne contaminants. Remove and wash contaminated clothing separately from other laundry.

Cleanup involves removing standing water and solid waste, then disinfecting all affected areas. Use a mixture of one part bleach to nine parts water for hard surfaces, but never mix bleach with ammonia or other cleaners. Allow surfaces to dry completely to discourage mold growth. If the area is large or the sewage has spread into walls or flooring, local water damage pros can handle the job with industrial equipment and proper containment.

When to Seek Professional Help

Some sewage backups are small and manageable, but many are not. If the affected area is larger than a few square feet, if sewage has soaked into drywall or subflooring, or if you have health concerns, consider calling the pros. They have the tools to extract water, disinfect thoroughly, and dry the space to prevent mold. They also know how to safely dispose of contaminated materials.

Professional cleanup typically involves removing damaged materials, treating the area with antimicrobial agents, and using air movers to dry the space. The process can take several days depending on the extent of the damage. Cost varies widely and depends on the size of the area, the level of contamination, and what materials need replacement. If you live in Cincinnati, keep your insurance policy details handy and review what your plan covers. Policies vary, and your insurer decides what is covered.

  • Large areas or sewage that has seeped into walls
  • If you have a weakened immune system or respiratory condition
  • If you are unsure how to safely clean or dispose of materials
  • If sewage has contaminated your HVAC system or ductwork
  • If you want to prevent mold growth after the initial cleanup

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Frequently asked questions

How soon after a sewage backup can I get sick?

Symptoms can appear within hours or up to a few days after exposure. The incubation period depends on the specific pathogen. Many gastrointestinal infections show up within 12 to 72 hours. If you experience diarrhea, vomiting, or fever after exposure, contact a doctor.

Can I clean up sewage myself?

For very small spills, you might be able to clean with protective gear and disinfectant. But if the area is large, if sewage has soaked into porous materials, or if you have health conditions, professional help is safer. The pros have the right equipment and disposal methods.

What should I throw away after a sewage backup?

Discard any food or drinks that may have touched sewage. Porous items like carpets, upholstered furniture, mattresses, and drywall usually cannot be saved. Hard, non-porous surfaces like tile and metal can be cleaned and disinfected. When in doubt, it is safer to throw it out.

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